Gothic Cathedral in Context

What does it take to build a Chartre, or Duomo in Milan, or Lincoln Cathedral? Warm weather and trade are probably not high on the list of what most people would reach for, but without the Medieval Warm Period (or Climate Anomoly if you prefer), and all that came with it, and a shift in culture, it is unlikely that the great Gothic cathedrals would have soared in such numbers.

One of the greatest losses with the decline of the western Roman Empire was population and organization. People recalled what had once been done, because parts remained, often functional, for some time. However, especially after the plagues that swept across Europe along with the storms in the 500s-early 600s, not enough people remained to produce crops in abundance, or to do major public works. The need for large things had passed for most of western Europe. Defense and survival came first, defense against the environment in some cases, against people in others. Until that was achieved, and more people lived longer and had things to trade, life would be mostly local and inward facing.

Fast-forward to the early 1000s-1100s, again in western Europe. The warming, calming weather meant more crops, allowing for more people to live longer with more food. Trade returned and sufficient peace abided that trade was worth trying. Things like the horse collar, heavy breaking plow, a different system of crop rotation, and other techniques permitted people to farm land that had not been truly workable before. If the 400s-600s had been the time of the great migration of peoples west and south, this era found them moving up into higher elevations, and north into the European plain, east as well for some. For many, life was better than what their parents recalled their grandparents describing, and surplus more common.

Shifts in popular devotion within the western Church also influenced what people built and how. A new interest in venerating the Virgin Mary, Mother of Jesus, as the ultimate queen inspired people to build new churches in Her honor. French clerics and their contractors experimented with new ways to build, trying to take advantage of the industrial chemistry that produced glass in many colors. that took money and desire, things now found in western and northern Europe. So great stone and glass buildings rose. Some fell, some didn’t reach the desired heights, some took longer to construct than planned, but cathedrals appeared in major towns. Even some smaller churches boasted of the new architecture with tall, thin walls, story windows that glowed in rainbow colors, and painted figures inside and out.

We often focus on the buildings, those that remain, and don’t think too much about what sort of society it took to build and maintain them. Hard times would follow in the 1300s, and again in the 1600s, but the devotion, wealth, and optimism of the High Middle Ages survives in stone and glass.

Tuesday Tidbit: Of Laws

A question of law arrives at Fiachta’s court.

“Yer stronger in arm an’ back.” Cathal pushed. Tuathal pushed back, then swept the heavy oaken staff around, almost catching the warrior’s knee before the bigger man blocked the blow. The arms man took a step back, then surged forward, slamming his staff down and putting all his weight behind the wood. Tuathal ducked to the side, not trying to stop the attack. Cathal staggered forward, and Tuathal tapped him on the head, but lightly, as he passed. 

“Enough,” Odhran declared. The oldest arms man frowned as the pair parted. Tuathal grounded the butt of the staff. Cathal hesitated, then did the same. “The king seeks his allav.”

“My thanks for the word, and I go.” He saluted Cathal, then departed the open practice space. He set the borrowed staff exactly where he had found it, then rinsed face and hands before making his way back to the king’s hall. The sun shone warm on the hill of kingship and the lands around. Harvest had almost finished, the wheat fields yielding their treasure to the sickles of the farmers and bond servants. Soon would come the death of the year and the start of the new, the start of winter. But not this day. 

Tiernan, the low king’s steward, met him at the door of the great hall. “Good.” He bowed, then presented a cloak and brooch. Tuathal shook out the cloak and swirled it on, pinning it with the heavy gold and blue stone brooch. The steward hurried off, a wading bird among men, so long his legs and his stride. 

Properly dressed, Tuathal entered the hall. His eyes settled to the dimness, and he bowed to Fiachta NoDomnail, his younger half-brother, a low king of the Dunalaid. He caught sight of a figure in undyed wool, cream-gray and bearing a carved staff. Tuathal acknowledged the wise one’s presence.

“Good. What claims has Fyon the Black to the lands now held by Ruari son of Orlaith NoTyreeh?” The king leaned forward, eyes intent. The men with him turned, rustling a little as Tuathal came closer. One, a stranger, frowned, then caught himself. 

Tuathal tried to recall. “Fyon the Black claims descent in the NoFiann line, two generations and more back to …” Who was it? He saw the tree in his mind. “Unsen son of Bria NoFiann of the line of Uinall.” As he spoke, a sense of trouble flowed over him like sour wind before a storm.

The wise one shifted where he stood. “The claim was not made sooner.” It was Forchel, the senior priest. 

“No.” Fiachta stroked his sun-colored mustache, eyes narrowed with thought. The others murmured, two behind their hands. A stranger scowled. “Why was the claim not brought forward?”

He weighed knowing and uncertainty. He raised his right hand, palm up and flat. “I have heard it said by one of the wise that the family themselves doubted the strength of the claim. More I do not truly know, oh king.”

The stranger stared, then caught himself. He leaned toward Tuathal, studying him, or so it seemed. He had fair hair, green eyes, and a dark brown mustache, but a small one, not the luxuriant flow worn by the king or Tuathal himself. He stood taller than some, but short-legged, his height in his body, the opposite of Tiernan. “What is the proper blood price for an allav?” he demanded, eyes catching Tuathal’s, chin jutting forward in challenge.

He ignored the rudeness and replied, “Not hard to answer, once the allav‘s rank is known.” He waited. 

“What mean you?”

Forchel and several others made sounds of displeasure, and Fiachta frowned. Who had taught the man, that he did not know? That answered several questions about his master, if indeed he served Fyon the Black. 

He held his hands out as if weighing goods. “How many years of study has the allav? By his years, his mastery, and his skills are his rank known. For one new-named with only seven years of study? Two cows with calves, or enough silver to cover an otter-skin from nose to belly. For one of acclaimed mastery such as Múinti Allav Ainerin, chief of the bards of the Brytheen?” He shrugged. “Gold sufficient to cover the hide of a bull when the hide is hung from the roof beam with its nose on the floor.” 

The stranger leaned back, eyes wide, mouth part open as one who had taken a blow. 

Something stirred in him, and Tuathal added, “That is, if the allav is killed in a common fight, or after protection has been declared over him in time of strife. If he fights alongside kinsmen or arms men on a raid, his rank undeclared and concealed? Then only the blood price for any man of his birth rank.” He spoke as if merely clarifying the waters of the law. 

A hiss of breath confirmed his guess. The stranger scowled more deeply still, then sneered, “And your price, raven-voiced?” 

He held up both hands, stopping the others before they shed blood at the insult. Awan surged through him, and he heard himself say, “My price was peace among the lands of the Dunalaid and the lifting of two curses. 

“From fire, darkness, and water black

“Came the first allaven.

“From fire, darkness, and water black

“Comes the youngest fithi.

“Through fire, darkness, and water black

“Passed the shining metal.

“Fire, darkness, and water black

“Reveal worth and mettle.”

The power left him, and his strength with it. He sank to the floor, bones as solid as flowing water. Nothing but the sound of his breath did he hear in the great hall, his breath and the snap of wood in the hearth fire. Then voices, confused and loud. He closed his eyes. 

“Enough,” Fiachta and the priest roared together. “Enough,” Forchal repeated. “Your question is answered.”

He looked up and saw the low king stand. He closed his eyes again as Fiachta declared, “Hear my judgment. Without proof of skill can no man be called ‘master’, be he smith, bard, or warrior. Likewise kinship. Of the known heirs of age to take and hold the lands around the ford, only Ruari has clear claim through NoFiann blood on the mother’s and uncle’s side. Until and unless Fyon the Black can prove either of his claims, I will not contest Ruari son of Orlaith’s holding of the lands.”

Voices rose and fell, then faded as the men departed, or at least took the debate farther from where he lay on the floor. “No, it is a strength of awan,” he heard Forchal saying. “It will pass.” Tuathal opened his eyes and saw a hand extended to him. He grasped it, and the wise one helped him get to one knee, then stagger to his feet. The pillars of the hall swayed as trees in a wind, a wind unfelt by men, then steadied. 

“Thank you.” He breathed slowly, then said, “The visitor speaks for Fyon.”

“He does, or so he claims.” The wise one stared toward the open doorway and murmured, “This explains, perhaps, the signs in the birds.” Did he speak to himself, or to all who might hear? 

“Ah, most honored múinti allav? The king commands? If you so choose?” 

He turned toward the hesitant voice and beheld a very young bond servant holding a fine metal cup and plate. The stripling’s face and posture echoed the confusion in his voice. 

“I so choose. My thanks to the one who commands the meal.” Tuathal took the cup. he led the way to his seat in the hall. The boy followed. Once he had sat and drank, he took the plate. Sausage, cheese, and bread eased the emptiness in his stomach and softened the beer’s blow to his wits. He ate quickly, then returned cup and plate. 

The boy bowed low and trotted off into the shadows, leaving the hall to Tuathal and a half-dozen servants. The others acted intent on their tasks, moving the benches and tables and cleaning the floor. He watched the fire devour a bit of pale wood, red tongues lapping the white log until it broke with a sigh of sparks and sank into the coals. Memories of pain and the flame’s kiss stung him. He watched the fire even so, and the moment passed. He glanced at his hands, soot-like stain still present. “I will ask,” he told the empty air and the fire. 

(C) 2026 Alma T. C. Boykin All Rights Reserved

Interstate Water Treaties, or “Here We Go Again”

A bit of a repeat, but if you change it to the Colorado River Compact, and extend the list of states, the same thing is ongoing and has been for at least two years. Now the Feds have stepped in and said that THEY will take over management of the Colorado River if the downstream and upstream states, and Mexico, can’t agree to accept reality and drop water demands. SIGH.

Nebraska is invoking a 1923 treaty with Colorado to build a canal and outmaneuver Colorado on the South Platte River. It’s been a while since an interstate water fight made the news, and I can hear water lawyers on all sides organizing papers and smiling at the prospect of a fight. After all, whisky is for drinking but water’s for fighting over.

My first thought when I heard the news was to grin a little, because Colorado has some water policies that make me roll my eyes, especially policies pertaining to the South Platte River. Among other things, the state banned the collection of rainwater runoff by private individuals (no cistern at the end of your downspout) on the grounds that if too many people did it too well, it would affect in-stream flow on the South Platte and violate the river compact. Translated into normal English, if people collected the rainwater, there wouldn’t be enough run-off into the river. The quantity of water would drop below the minimum required by law. That minimum has to go to Nebraska, or else, unless there is a drought or other 100% non-man-made event in progress. Even water lawyers can’t make rain where rain doesn’t want to fall.

An interstate compact is a treaty. It must be ratified by the US Senate, just like any other treaty. Most of the interstate compacts I know of are about water, dividing up the flow of rivers, or discussing quality. The goal of a river compact is to keep, oh, Texas from sending the Guard into NM and doing in a dam, or suing for $$$ in lost income and property if the upstream state dries up the river. The Colorado River (of the West) is probably the most famous of these compacts, and one of the most litigated streams in interstate water law. The Pecos River and Rio Grande are not far behind, then the South Platte, and some rivers in Wyoming. https://ballotpedia.org/Chart_of_interstate_compacts A quick skim of the list shows that most of the compacts involving rivers from west of the 100th Meridian are about in-stream flow, and protecting downstream users from upstream excess usage. Mexico is also a party to some Compacts, notably on the Rio Grande and Colorado.

The first official compacts over in-stream flow date to the 1920s, when irrigation got better and litigation more common. What had been local (except in NM and CO) became a state matter. It’s one thing for Garden City, KS to complain about a lack of water in the Arkansas River. It’s another for Kansas to sue Colorado in federal court. Also, the surge in dam and irrigation-project construction in the 1910s and 1920s led to a surge in lawsuits. Thus the compacts. Some are just quantity, others are quality as well as quantity.

As long as people use water from rivers, or use groundwater that affects rivers, others will watch with beady eyes. “I’d rather be at the head of a ditch with a shovel than at the end of the ditch with a decree.” “Whisky’s for drinking, water’s for fighting over.” “The boy at the spring controls the stream.” [Ein Knabe am Quelle controliert den Fluß.]

It’s been a while since an interstate water compact bobbed up in court. The last time, it was TX and OK vs the US government over control of the banks of the Red River. There’s nothing like the Feds sticking an oar into things to get the states to drop other fights. Now it’s Nebraska making waves, and Colorado backpedaling, at least for the moment.

I encourage you to read the compact for yourself. River compacts are some of the clearest of legal documents, not that it prevents lawyers from muddying the waters. The University of Colorado law school has a water law specialty. Other states have something similar, at least those where “prior appropriation” is the rule for water apportionment.

You Can Poke the Plumbing

“This one hasn’t flushed.”

Puzzled, I leaned around the person, saw the fixture, and asked, “Have you poked the button?”

“Button?”

“Pardon me.” I stepped into the stall. pointed to the small button above the motion sensor, and pushed. Whoosh, and the problem was solved.

Maybe I’m just bad about poking at things to see if I can clear the problem, but other people seem reluctant to troubleshoot tech-enhanced plumbing. Or perhaps I should put scare quotes around enhanced, because the wonderful new features don’t seem to work as well as hoped. I noticed that after the water mess at the regional performing arts center, they went back to manual commodes. Auto-flush, when something goes wrong, can “spend” a lot of water, and is harder to troubleshoot than “press lever, release lever” fixtures.

Which brings me back to the problem at hand, or that was at hand and which hand pressure solved. The sensor failed to sense, for some reason, and so the toilet did not work. Pushing the button did the trick. The other individual was pleasantly surprised that 1) there was a button and that 2) “we’re allowed to push it.” Maybe the person’s office did not allow people to try fixing plumbing problems? Perhaps there were rules about who could do what, and anything restroom related had to be done by maintenance (sometimes true in union-labor cities, states, and job fields). Maybe she had been fussed at some time in the past for trying to do something herself. I can see where some super-fancy fixtures should not be approached without the manual, the proper tools, and appropriate clergy [depending on the problem]. But a simple motion-sensor with manual override toilet?

Oh well. The problem got fixed, we washed our hands, and went about our various activities. Yes, I will poke things, if they seem amenable to poking. Why not?

Pork Steak and Beef Chops? Musings on Meat Cuts

So, I have some lovely heritage breed pork steaks waiting in the freezer. They are marbled, the size of a porterhouse, and look like they will be fantastic. I also have pork chops. However, beef chops? I have not met such a thing in the US, or at least, the cut is not labeled as a “beef chop.”

I see no beef chop. Source: https://tatnuckmeatandsea.com/fresh-meat/beef/what-part-of-the-cow-is-ground-beef/

What we call “steaks” in the US are, technically, the part of the cow that in pigs and sheep would be a chop. Porterhouse, T-bone, sirloin, having the bone in separates a “chop” of beef from a steak. Except the pork steaks I bought are boneless, as far as I can tell. Since I don’t order steak-like beef when I am outside the US, I can safely say I have not had a dish called a beef chop.

Pork chops, check. Source: https://modernfarmer.com/2014/03/pork-cuts-101-diagram/

Why the difference? Tradition? Because in the US we drop the word “chop” from the names of the cuts for reasons lost to time and advertising space? Because “chop” has become so closely associated with lamb and pork that people would stare if someone stuck a “beef chop” tag on a T-bone and then demand that it be corrected posthaste?

Parts of animal have always been a section of vocabulary that varies widely from place to place and era to era. The peak might have been reached in medieval and Early Modern Europe, when hunting and carving led to amazingly complex and precise (overly so?) vocabulary for each kind of bird and beast, as well as male vs. female. Knowing the difference meant that one was part of the upper-upper class, or a servant in charge of cooking, serving, or hunting wild game. Sort of like drinking tea with one’s little finger extended, or knowing that tea came before milk among the truly wealthy (fine china wouldn’t shatter from the boiling drink, but less expensive pottery would, so milk came before tea among working folks.)

I’m not going to ask my butcher for a beef chop. It’s just something interesting to muse about.

Twenty-Five Years

[I have no deep thoughts, no words of wisdom or anything that truly adds to what will be said today, just personal observations and musings.]

Not that long ago in the span of things, very long ago in some ways, and yesterday in other ways. I think 2020 was the first year I had students who had not been alive in 2001. So for them, the events of that September are history very much as September 12, 1683 are history for me (or the Kennedy assassinations, for that matter). I can call up images of what I personally saw, so to me, it remains closer to current events. Too, for historians, 30-50 years is when history begins, because it depends on a combination of generational memory and archive access. In the US, thirty years is the starting point for general declassification of documents. The UK generally starts fifty years after the event.

This is a frustrating anniversary, because of political things. Yes, Osama Bin Laden is still answering to a Higher Authority, as are others. I won’t discuss the politics of other things, because I try to avoid that. My readers’ feelings cross the spectrum, and include people from outside the US who have their own takes on US policy and governmental behavior, their own experiences with groups a la Al Quaeda.

What has changed, aside from the obvious? For one, I think more people are aware of the teachings of Islam, both the primarily religious and the overtly political. I suspect far more non-Muslims have read the Quran and many of the important hadith. Americans know where Afghanistan is, and a few other places.

For me? I’m no longer active in aviation as a profession. I am far more aware of national and international security matters, I’ve read the Quran in three different translations, along with the major hadith, and have learned more than I intended about world history and the interconnections between politics and religion. My opinions about some Western activists statements about political Islam have hardened considerably. I no longer see the hijib as a personal religious statement to be admired as showing how open and relaxed American society is about faith. The phrase “religion of peace” sets my teeth on edge.

A beautiful, clear morning at the start of a week off of work (I did 14 on, 7 off rotations) turned into the start of a quiet, ongoing personal fight against hatred and evil. When it was possible, I was more openly active, getting Al Quaeda propaganda taken off-line, pointing out to hosting companies that they were breaching federal anti-terror finance laws by assisting certain groups by providing server space and hosting services, things like that. Now? I work in other ways, or try to.

Twenty-five years. My cohort were, on September 10, 2001, pretty certain that the Challenger disaster would be the event that defined our generation, perhaps the Gulf War, maybe. Little did we know that ten years later we would have to specify “First Gulf War.” Or that the Welsh fighting song “Men of Harlech” would take on meanings that still make me choke up thinking about.

What Do You Need To Know?

Is it important to be aware that hitching bulls to a wagon might not go well? Should younger people learn about suckling pig and the reason we eat pigs young (if they are old-breed animals)? How vital today is the knowledge of the death march drums, and military justice, or the sequence of plow-sow-harrow-weed-harvest with sickles?

I”m always somewhat surprised by what some of my students don’t know, and don’t realize that they don’t know. But then they’ve never been around horse and ox farming, don’t see really old wagons and hand tools, have no idea about crafts of the pre-industrial or even pre-WWII world. To describe, oh, Deism as “the watchmaker g-d” makes no sense to people who have never seen the interior of a mechanical watch or clock.

When and where I grew up, horse and ox-drawn farming was not that far away, and some people still had Conestoga-type wagons for reenactments. We read things like the Little House books in school, and I read the McGuffey’s readers. My grandparents had wash pot and washboard, and explained how they were used. I saw people making soap (not fun) candles (only the semi-fun part) and was encouraged to learn how weaving and so on worked. We had a big garden that was attacked by rabbits, which had to be thinned via air-rifle. Composted manure? Taught me about how fertilizer and crop rotation happened before nitrogen fertilizer was invented. “History” wasn’t all that far away, or at least, historic technologies like water-powered grist mills, windmills for water, and so on were not far away.

How much of that do younger people need to know to make sense of history and some literature? Well, some is vital to understand why the medieval world was the way it was, and why the combination of the Little Ice Age and Black Death were so, so terrible for Europe and left such traces on culture. Without knowing about a world of muscle and water power, the role of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of women’s legal equality isn’t as easy to understand. But past that, what’s really critical?

By the time I was 14 or so, I had a darn good grasp on the basic progression of technology and society, even if the details were fuzzy outside of things I was passionately interested in. That’s not true at all, or I should say, it is very unusual to find students who have heard of a horse collar or know about mechanical watches and stuff like that. Let alone the other parts of older cultural things.

What’s vital? I have some ideas, but then the more important question, how does society as a whole decide that these things are important, that a kid growing up in Spanish Harlem has a reason to know why machines were such big deals whenever a new and better one came along, or why changes in farming had to come before other “revolutions” in human history.

‘Tis a puzzle, and it probably goes down to questions that lead to hair-pulling and hissing matches between activists, historians, and politicians.

Tuesday Tidbit: A Bard

Tuathal does bard things and contemplates the season to come.

The chill west wind hissed around Dunad—the hill of kingship—, turning his light cloak into a wing. Tuathal smiled, savoring the scents of the land and water. Beyond the blue-gray hills, the ship-road rolled, storm stirred with the coming of winter. Not yet, but soon, so warned the wind. 

Two hawks passed over, followed by a handful of cloaked crows. The hawks ignored the crows’ rude calls. He reached for the second hawk, saw through its eyes. Animals moved below, too large to eat, and perhaps dangerous. He withdrew with thanks for the warning, and returned to himself as the wind swirled once more.

Words moved in him. He waited, patient, as the song settled. Geese and swans on the water, songs in a bard’s ken, the two shared much in common. 

“Year turning, harvest coming, gold the sun and gold the grain

“Wind singing, winter coming, silver the wind and silver the rain.

“Birds singing, winter coming, red the apple and red the sun,

“Reaper singing, harvest coming, brown the cattle and brown the dun.”

He turned the words over in his mind, humming the melody. To hum hurt, but not as much as before. That he could speak, sing, and hum at all was one of the Three Wonders of the Isle of the Mighty, perhaps. The wind sang as well, sang a warning of winter and storms on the wing.

He returned to the corner of the king’s hall where his wire strung harp, the clarsach of a master bard, waited. Three of the strings gleamed more brightly than the others in the dim firelight, strings replaced while the harp resided with the King of the Mounds. They sounded as sweet as their fellows, or did they? He settled onto his seat, lifted the harp, and tested the tune. It needed no work.

He considered his hands. The harp callouses would return with playing. His fingers remembered their skill, even if he could not achieve it yet. Six months—or had it been six years—without playing … They were past. The mark of his gesh had faded from all but the palms, the skin gray-black as if he’d held charred wood. What meant it? His harp had returned from the court of the King of the Mounds, yet the soot-stain of the binding remained. Perhaps the wise ones, priests of the gods, knew. He had not that secret, nor did he need it just now.

He settled the clarsach against his shoulder and touched the wires. They sounded, quiet and pure of note as the waters of the spring on Ceridwin’s mountain. He played basic patterns, loosening fingers and wrists once again, then began one of the double dances of the Brytheen queens’ courts. The notes wove in and out, then shifted tone and rhythm, slowing yet speeding. The music sparkled like sun on water, turned to a cloud-dark sky, then gleamed once more.

Tuathal stopped. Servants moved with soft, sure steps as they prepared the low king’s hall for the evening. He rested his hands, moving shoulders and wrists to ease strain. Six months without playing … The scars of his other labor would not fade so fast as had the marks of his gesh. Too, how long had it taken him to build strength and endurance when he was a student at Múinti allav Amlod’s feet? Like harp strings, like harper, tightness led to trouble. He ignored the servants and arms men watching from the dark edges of the chamber. All felt as it should in his hands and arms. His voice …?

“Strong the power, strong the life, silver the scales in the waters.

“Salmon of knowledge swimming mightily, silvery keeper of power.

“Word-fed swimmer of secret deeps, old as the great oak of Mathonwy,

“Silent speaker of silvery secrets, scales of silver richer than gold, 

“Mighty salmon of wisdom.”

His voice touched his own ears, deeper, rougher perhaps, yet not harsh? He had not the words for the sense. Still his throat ached if he spoke too much, sang too long without due care. The wise ones had heard, and Forchal had nodded with knowing, but of what? Other listeners, even harpers and lesser bards, showed no rejection or sign of dislike when he ventured to sing. He shrugged to himself. It was as it was. The gods had returned his gifts to him. A grateful guest did not question the gift or the giver. 

After another pause, he let his hands move as they would. A darker song flowed, heavy with foreboding, the tale of Dotha NoFionn, Dotha the Greedy, and the gesh that led to the unmaking of the people of Yles. Water and stone covered Yles, hiding what had been. Did stone truly soften and flow like smith-poured bronze? Did he want to see? Tuathal played, reciting the tale to himself. 

More servants worked, and the low king’s steward built the fire higher. Tuathal released tension on the strings and slid the clarsach into its case. Rest he needed, and to make way for those who worked. Oh, how well he now understood the slow steps of the bond servants and others! For an instant he felt again the lash of the dark king’s anger, sharp and cutting as a rope on a bare back. The memory passed. He stood, saluted the fire in the hearth, and went to his place among Fiachta NoDomnail’s household. Cool water and rest, both would be welcome. 

A traveling bard joined the court that night. After the giving of the hero’s portion, Fiachta called, “What news bring you?”

The man stood and bowed, “That this court prospers above all, most generous king, and that the tale of Tuathal the Open-handed, bard of your court, has reached east and south. 

“Trouble moves in the south, oh king. One called Fyon the Black seeks word of a kinsman, or one who was once kinsman before he joined the ranks of the wise. Fyon also raided the lands of Ronan Red-Beard to regain his honor and cattle. Ronan had lifted two tens of cattle from the lands of Cao, sworn to Fyon, in repayment for the blood of kindred.” 

Fiachta glanced toward Tuathal. He nodded. That explained why Cao had been on Fyon’s lands, and why the dead man had been able to pay a high bride price. Raid and return, that should end it, perhaps. 

The bard continued, “Ronan killed Fyon’s second son, the bard, or the one who claimed to be a bard.” The man sounded puzzled. “None trained him, or knew with whom he had studied. None had heard him play or recite, so we,” he touched his chest, “do not know aught of the son.” 

Now the man smiled, “Three green sheep were seen dancing with a deer. The wise ones forbade anyone eating or brewing the rest of the grain and burned it.” Wry grins and chuckles, along with a few winces, followed the news. No, beer and bread should not be made from sour grain. “The harvest in the south is not so good as last year, but no more sheep sicken. Fewer traders come from the eastern land, because of storms and a war near the Tongue of Armoric. A southern king fights for land, or so it is said.”

Tuathal listened, turning the man’s words over in his mind. Fyon’s son. How could he be a true bard if he had not trained under a master? Even Gwydion had studied to polish the gift he’d gained before his rebirth as Gwydion. And who did Fyon seek among the wise? Something stirred in his memory, then sank back into hiding, perhaps a fragment of tale. 

Would he sing of the lands under the mounds? No. That was not for telling. Perhaps after the death of the year, or the turning of winter, but this was not the time. Now was the time for harvest, for thanks to the Lord of the Land and the other gods for the bounty of the land, and perhaps for other things. He’d speak with Meren soon, and Queen Aisling. But not this night. This was a night for feasting, and listening. The bard brought new songs from the south and east, new melodies to be learned and shared. He sipped beer, ate bread spread with butter and the last soft cheese of the summer, and listened. 

Meren joined him when he returned to his chamber. She had not come to him since his return, and even now hesitated. He smiled and took her hand. She relaxed, drawing close. He brushed the work-roughened fingers with his thumb. She wore one of the rings he’d given her, and he smiled wider still. “What will you?” 

Her kiss and embrace gave the answer. Afterwards, he stroked her hair and the warm skin of her shoulder as she lay between him and the wall. “What will you?” he asked again. 

The head under his hand moved back and forth. “Nothing,” she whispered. “How can I ask more than what you already gave?” He heard nothing but honesty in her voice. She had never asked for anything but his touch, never put herself above other women despite his favor. Why? Now was not the time to learn. He stroked her shoulder once more. Her breathing deepened, slowed as sleep surrounded her. He followed her into dreams.

(C) 2026 Alma T. C. Boykin All Rights Reserved

Book Review: Kipling’s Pocket History of England

Fletcher, C. R. L., and Rudayrd Kipling. Kipling’s Pocket History of England. (Garden City, NY:Greenwich House, 1983; Reprint of 1911 edition A School History of England)

Short version: Engaging Victorian history at its finest, written for younger readers, with Kipling poems.

Long Version: Charles R. L. Fletcher wrote a short history of England, and invited Rudyard Kipling to add twenty-three poems to go into the text. Illustrated with engravings of some scenes from various episodes of that history, the book was to fill in a gap and engage schoolboy readers in the history of England to date (1911). Fletcher was a staunch and unrepentant imperialist who remained doubtful of just how well democratic styles of government would endure. That shows up in his work, which is still engaging, entertaining, fun to read, opinionated in a wonderfully Victorian sort of way, and may teach you something about English history as one university professor saw it. Kipling’s poems add to the work, and are some of his best known history pieces, including “The Reeds of Runnymede,” “Edgehill Fight,” and “The Dutch Along the Medway.”

The book begins with the prehistory at the end of the last ice age. By 1911, it was known that Britain had been attached to the Continent at some point, and that the Rhine had been the main river. I caught myself starting to correct the author once or twice, but what he describes was the most up-to-date information in the early Twentieth century, so it is not fair to fuss from 2026. He then goes into the arrival of the pre-Celtic and Celtic peoples. He’s not a fan of Celts, be they ancient or modern. The book comes down heavily on the side of law, order, and a strong central government, so the Romans are uplifters and bringers of civilization.

After Rome come the Saxons and “Danish pirates.” Fletcher never uses the term “Viking,” which might not have been in common currency at the time. The Saxons were better than nothing, but the Norman arrival is greeted with great approval. At last, order will be imposed on the brave, solid, but chaotic and somewhat scattered peoples of England.

Those kings who expanded the kingdom and hammered their enemies are good (Aside from Henry V), and those who deferred to Parliament or who were less than great (Stephen, John, Edward III, Richard III) are bad. The author makes his preferences clear. I had to fight back laughter during the grumpy description of how the ungrateful English colonists refused to listen to their rightful king, balked at doing their share of tax paying, and bragged about “freedom” and “rights.”

Kiplings poems are scattered through the book, generally one or two per chapter. Each chapter also has an illustration of an event or character from the section.

The book’s tone reminds me more than a little of the Just So Stories, because it speaks to the reader in a similar fashion. (Not quite “Best Beloved” but close.) It is sort of conversational, and I can imagine a pipe-scented Oxford Don speaking to students, waving one hand in dismissal as he describes, oh, the wars of Henry V or the reign of George I. “Yes, yes, Agincourt and all that, but the wars were uncalled for. He had no true claim to the throne, and England would have been far better served by not antagonizing the French.”

I’d recommend it for a summary overview of English history through “Great Queen Victoria,” for someone trying to engage a younger reader in history, and Kipling fans. The book is very opinionated, and no longer accurate in places, but still very well written. It is also a fantastic book to use for teaching historiography, the study of how people wrote history, because it is so very biased pro-Protestant, pro-Empire, and pro-monarchy. And it has Kipling poems.

FTC Disclaimer: I purchased this book with my own funds, and received no remuneration from the publisher or the authors’ estates for this review.